Biowaste management by hydrothermal carbonization and anaerobic co-digestion: Synergistic effects and comparative metagenomic analysis.

The feasibility of anaerobic co-digestion in semicontinuous mode of two major urban biowaste, food waste (FW) and garden and park waste (GPW) (75 % FW and 25 % GPW) as well as the co-digestion of FW with the process water originated from the hydrothermal carbonization of GPW (95 % FW and 5 % process water), both on a COD basis, has been assessed. The effect of varying organic loading rate (OLR) from 1.5 to 3.5 g COD/L·d on methane yield, gross energy recovery, and microbiome population was evaluated. For comparison, anaerobic digestion of FW was also conducted to determine the best strategy for sustainable biowaste management. This study showed an optimal OLR of 2.5 g COD/L·d. Acetic and propionic acid content increased as OLR raised for each condition studied, while methane yield decreased at the highest OLR tested indicating overloading of the system. The anaerobic co-digestion of FW and process water showed a 10 % increase on methane production compared to anaerobic digestion of FW (324 vs. 294 mL CH4 STP/L·d). Moreover, it enhances the process due to a greater abundance and diversity of hydrolytic and acidogenic bacteria belonging to Bacterioidota, Firmicutes, and Chloroflexi phyla, as well as promotes the hydrogenotrophic pathway under higher propionic concentrations which is not usually favoured for methane production. The integration of hydrothermal carbonization of GPW with the anaerobic co-digestion of 95 % FW and 5 % of process water results in the highest potential energy recovery and could be a good strategy for sustainable management of urban biowaste.

Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis of Salivary Gland Endothelial Cells.

Vascular endothelial cells have important tissue-specific functions in fibrosis and regeneration. In the salivary gland, endothelial cells are required for proper development, but their roles within adult glands are largely unknown. To identify ligand-receptor interactions between endothelial cells and other cell types that may be important during fibrosis and regeneration, we used a reversible ductal ligation injury. To induce injury, a clip was applied to the primary ducts for 14 d, and to induce a regenerative response, the clip was subsequently removed for 5 d. To identify endothelial cell-produced factors, we used single-cell RNA sequencing of stromal-enriched cells from adult female submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. Transcriptional profiles of homeostatic salivary gland endothelial cells were compared to endothelial cells of other organs. Salivary gland endothelial cells expressed many unique genes and displayed the highest overlap in gene expression with other fenestrated endothelial cells from the colon, small intestine, and kidney. Comparison of the 14-d ligated, mock-ligated, and 5-d deligated stromal-enriched transcripts and lineage tracing revealed that endothelial cells retain their identity following ligation and recovery from injury. CellChat and NATMI were used to predict changes in ligand-receptor interactions from endothelial cells to other cells in response to ligation and deligation. CellChat and NATMI predicted that after ligation, interactions with fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and glial cells were increased, and following deligation, interactions with pericyte, glia, fibroblasts, and immune cells were increased. Some of the highest-ranked interactions predicted in ligated compared to mock endothelial cells were between glial cells via Col4a2-Cd93 and Jag2-Notch1, as well as epithelial cells via Pecam1-Cd38, while in deligated compared to ligated endothelial cells, the top interactions were between fibroblasts via Ntf3-Ntrk2, glial cells via Hspg2-Itgb1, and pericytes via Jam2-F11r. Understanding salivary gland endothelial cell signaling will inform future endothelial cell-based regenerative therapies.

Transcranial static magnetic stimulation reduces seizures in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome.

Dravet syndrome is a rare form of severe genetic epilepsy characterized by recurrent and long-lasting seizures. It appears around the first year of life, with a quick evolution toward an increase in the frequency of the seizures, accompanied by a delay in motor and cognitive development, and does not respond well to antiepileptic medication. Most patients carry a mutation in the gene SCN1A encoding the α subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel Nav1.1, resulting in hyperexcitability of neural circuits and seizure onset. In this work, we applied transcranial static magnetic stimulation (tSMS), a non-invasive, safe, easy-to-use and affordable neuromodulatory tool that reduces neural excitability in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. We demonstrate that tSMS dramatically reduced the number of crises. Furthermore, crises recorded in the presence of the tSMS were shorter and less intense than in the sham condition. Since tSMS has demonstrated its efficacy at reducing cortical excitability in humans without showing unwanted side effects, in an attempt to anticipate a possible use of tSMS for Dravet Syndrome patients, we performed a numerical simulation in which the magnetic field generated by the magnet was modeled to estimate the magnetic field intensity reached in the cerebral cortex, which could help to design stimulation strategies in these patients. Our results provide a proof of concept for nonpharmacological treatment of Dravet syndrome, which opens the door to the design of new protocols for treatment.

Multigenerational tests on Daphnia spp.: a vision and new perspectives.

Multigenerational toxicity testing is a valuable tool for understanding the long-term effects of contaminants on aquatic organisms. This review focuses on the use of multigenerational tests with Daphnia, a widely used model organism in aquatic toxicological studies. The review highlights the importance of studying multiple generations to assess Daphnia spp. reproductive, growth, and physiological responses to various contaminants. We discuss the outcomes of multigenerational tests involving different contaminants, including nanoparticles, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. The results reveal that multigenerational exposure can lead to transgenerational effects, where the impacts of contaminants are observed in subsequent generations even after the initial exposure has ceased. These transgenerational effects often manifest as reproduction, growth, and development alterations. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for standardized protocols in multigenerational testing to ensure comparability and reproducibility of results across studies. We also discuss the implications of multigenerational testing for ecological risk assessment, as it provides a more realistic representation of the long-term effects of contaminants on populations and ecosystems. Overall, this review highlights the significance of multigenerational tests with Daphnia in advancing our understanding of the ecological impacts of contaminants. Such tests provide valuable insights into the potential risks associated with long-term exposure to pollutants and contribute to the development of effective mitigation strategies for aquatic ecosystems.

Comparing optic nerve head parameters in two Spanish dog breeds using digital planimetry.

The optic discs of dogs exhibit considerable size, shape, and colour variations, depending on the degree of myelination. This variability makes the interpretation of lesions difficult, owing to the lack of reference patterns. This study aimed to compare optic nerve head (ONH) parameters determined by digital planimetry (DP) in two pure-bred dogs, Spanish Greyhound (SG) and Spanish Water Dog (SWD). The vertical and horizontal diameters, area, circularity, and the proportion of the ONH at the tapetal or non-tapetal zone (top height and bottom height) were calculated using image treatment software and compared between breeds. Significant between-breed differences were detected for all parameters, with SWD exhibiting greater height, width, area, top height, and lower circularity of the ONH than SG. Linear regression revealed that age significantly influenced mean disc height (R2 = 0.310; p = 0.0001), mean disc width (R2 = 0.280; p = 0.0001), mean disc area (R2 = 0.281; p = 0.0001), and circularity (R2 = 0.243; p = 0.0001). The multiple regression model significantly predicted mean disc height, width, and area [(S) (R2 = 0.715; p = 0.001), (R2 = 0.742; p = 0.001), and (S) (R2 = 0.736; p = 0.001), respectively], based on age and breed. Excellent concordance was observed between the measurements of experienced and novice researchers, and there were no differences between the parameters measured by the researcher and those obtained by the software. Planimetric ONH measurements can be easily performed by novice operators using a portable fundus camera and digital computer software. These results may be of considerable clinical value, but further studies are required because of the great variability of the ONH in dogs.

Non-late-onset neutropaenia following treatment of multiple sclerosis with ocrelizumab.

Late-onset neutropaenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count of <1.5×103cells/µL starting>4 weeks after the last dose of rituximab, in the absence of other identifiable causes. Late-onset neutropaenia is a rare adverse reaction to rituximab (observed in approximately 5% of patients). Rheumatic diseases constitute the main indication for rituximab; in these patients, neutropaenia appears after a mean of>28 days. Ocrelizumab is another monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 (a glycosylated phosphoprotein mainly expressed on the membranes of B-lymphocytes); in January 2018, it was approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis. We present a case of neutropaenia following intravenous infusion of ocrelizumab in a patient with primary progressive multiple sclerosis who presented with neutropaenic fever, herpetic stomatitis, and ecthyma gangrenosum only 20 days after infusion.

Non-late-onset neutropaenia following treatment of multiple sclerosis with ocrelizumab / Neutropenia de aparición no tardía tras el tratamiento con ocrelizumab para la esclerosis múltiple

Late-onset neutropaenia is defined as an absolute neutrophil count of <1.5 × 103 cells/μL starting > 4 weeks after the last dose of rituximab, in the absence of other identifiable causes.Late-onset neutropaenia is a rare adverse reaction to rituximab (observed in approximately 5% of patients). Rheumatic diseases constitute the main indication for rituximab; in these patients, neutropaenia appears after a mean of > 28 days.Ocrelizumab is another monoclonal antibody that binds to CD20 (a glycosylated phosphoprotein mainly expressed on the membranes of B-lymphocytes); in January 2018, it was approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting and primary progressive multiple sclerosis.We present a case of neutropaenia following intravenous infusion of ocrelizumab in a patient with primary progressive multiple sclerosis who presented with neutropaenic fever, herpetic stomatitis, and ecthyma gangrenosum only 20 days after infusion.(AU)

La neutropenia de aparición tardía se define como un recuento absoluto de neutrófilos < 1,5 × 103/μl que se produce > 4 semanas después de la última dosis de rituximab, precedido por un recuento de neutrófilos normal y sin otra causa identificable. Es una complicación rara del tratamiento con rituximab, habiéndose observado en aproximadamente el 5% de los pacientes tratados, siendo las enfermedades reumáticas su principal indicación, con un tiempo medio hasta el desarrollo de la neutropenia de al menos 28 días. El ocrelizumab, al igual que el rituximab, es un anticuerpo monoclonal dirigido a CD20, una fosfoproteína glicosilada de membrana que se encuentra predominantemente en los linfocitos B y que se aprobó en enero de 2018 para el tratamiento de la esclerosis múltiple remitente recurrente y la esclerosis múltiple progresiva primaria. Se describe un caso de neutropenia después de la infusión de ocrelizumab en un paciente con esclerosis múltiple progresiva primaria que presentó neutropenia febril, estomatitis herpética y ectima gangrenoso solo 20 días después de la infusión.(AU)

Numerical Study of a Thrombus Migration Risk in Aneurysm After Coil Embolization in Patient Cases: FSI Modelling.

PURPOSE: There are still many challenges for modelling a thrombus migration process in aneurysms. The main novelty of the present research lies in the modelling of aneurysm clot migration process in a realistic cerebral aneurysm, and the analysis of forces suffered by clots inside an aneurysm, through transient FSI simulations. METHODS: The blood flow has been modelled using a Womersley velocity profile, and following the Carreau viscosity model. Hyperelastic Ogden model has been used for clot and isotropic linear elastic model for the artery walls. The FSI coupled model was implemented in ANSYS® software. The hemodynamic forces suffered by the clot have been quantified using eight different clot sizes and positions inside a real aneurysm. RESULTS: The obtained results have shown that it is almost impossible for clots adjacent to aneurysm walls, to leave the aneurysm. Nevertheless, in clots positioned in the centre of the aneurysm, there is a real risk of clot migration. The risk of migration of a typical post-coiling intervention clot in an aneurysm, in contact with the wall and occupying a significant percentage of its volume is very low in the case studied, even in the presence of abnormally intense events, associated with sneezes or impacts. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology allows evaluating the clot migration risk, vital for evaluating the progress after endovascular interventions, it is a step forward in the personalized medicine, patient follow-up, and helping the medical team deciding the optimal treatment.

Quality analysis and categorisation of public space.

Public spaces are considered areas that promote users' physical and mental health. The role of these people in public spaces makes it necessary to evaluate such areas. In this study, 12 urban parks on the island of Tenerife were evaluated, combining the assessment of a trained observer and the perception of users, to analyse and categorise the environmental quality of the parks. The findings of this study conclude that users are good evaluators of public spaces; that the Public Space Characteristics Observation Questionnaire (PSCOQ) tool allows the classification of public spaces and that physical order is capable of predicting the environmental quality and the restorative capacity of spaces, as perceived by users. The PSCOQ observation tool makes it possible to detect the strengths and weaknesses of public spaces so they can be improved and adapted to the needs of users.

Factores pronósticos precoces de morbimortalidad en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en niños. Experiencia en una unidad de politraumatismo infantil / Early prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. Experience in a child polytrauma unit

Objetivo Identificar factores pronósticos precoces que conduzcan a un mayor riesgo de pronóstico desfavorable. Diseño Estudio de cohortes observacional de octubre 2002 a octubre 2017. Pacientes y ámbito Se incluyeron pacientes menores de 18 años con TCE grave ingresados en cuidados intensivos (UCIP). Variables e intervenciones Se recogieron variables epidemiológicas, clínico-analíticas y terapéuticas. Se valoró la capacidad funcional del paciente a los 6 meses mediante la Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). Se consideró pronóstico desfavorable un GOS menor o igual a 3. Se realizó un análisis univariante para comparar grupos de buen y mal pronóstico y su relación con las diferentes variables. Se realizó un análisis multivariante para predecir el pronóstico del paciente. Resultados 98 pacientes, 61,2% varones, mediana de edad 6,4 años (RIQ 2.49–11.23). El 84,7% fueron atendidos por los servicios de emergencias extrahospitalarios. A los 6 meses, el 51% presentaba recuperación satisfactoria, 26,5% secuelas moderadas, 6,1% secuelas graves y 2% estado vegetativo. Fallecieron el 14,3%. Hubo significación estadística entre la puntuación en la escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG) prehospitalaria, reactividad pupilar, hipotensión arterial, hipoxia, ciertas alteraciones analíticas y radiológicas (compresión de las cisternas basales), con pronóstico desfavorable. El análisis multivariante demostró que es posible realizar modelos predictores de la evolución de los pacientes. Conclusiones Es posible identificar factores pronósticos de mala evolución en las primeras 24 horas postraumatismo. Su conocimiento puede ayudar a la toma de decisiones clínicas y ofrecer una mejor información a las familias (AU)

Objective To identify early prognostic factors that lead to an increased risk of unfavorable prognosis. Design Observational cohort study from October 2002 to October 2017. Setting and patients Patients with severe TBI admitted to intensive care were included. Variables and interventions Epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. The functional capacity of the patient was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). An unfavorable prognosis was considered a GOS less than or equal to 3. A univariate analysis was performed to compare the groups with good and bad prognosis and their relationship with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the patient's prognosis. Results 98 patients were included, 61.2% males, median age 6.4 years (IQR 2.49–11.23). 84.7% were treated by the out-of-hospital emergency services. At 6 months, 51% presented satisfactory recovery, 26.5% moderate sequelae, 6.1% severe sequelae, and 2% vegetative state. 14.3% died. Statistical significance was found between the score on the prehospital Glasgow coma scale, pupillary reactivity, arterial hypotension, hypoxia, certain analytical and radiological alterations, such as compression of the basal cisterns, with an unfavorable prognosis. The multivariate analysis showed that it is possible to make predictive models of the evolution of the patients. Conclusions it is possible to identify prognostic factors of poor evolution in the first 24 h after trauma. Knowledge of them can help clinical decision-making as well as offer better information to families (AU)

Early prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. Experience in a child polytrauma unit.

OBJECTIVE: To identify early prognostic factors that lead to an increased risk of unfavorable prognosis. DESIGN: Observational cohort study from October 2002 to October 2017. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Patients with severe TBI admitted to intensive care were included. VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS: Epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. The functional capacity of the patient was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). An unfavorable prognosis was considered a GOS less than or equal to 3. A univariate analysis was performed to compare the groups with good and bad prognosis and their relationship with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the patient's prognosis. RESULTS: 98 patients were included, 61.2% males, median age 6.4 years (IQR 2.49-11.23). 84.7% were treated by the out-of-hospital emergency services. At 6 months, 51% presented satisfactory recovery, 26.5% moderate sequelae, 6.1% severe sequelae, and 2% vegetative state. 14.3% died. Statistical significance was found between the score on the prehospital Glasgow coma scale, pupillary reactivity, arterial hypotension, hypoxia, certain analytical and radiological alterations, such as compression of the basal cisterns, with an unfavorable prognosis. The multivariate analysis showed that it is possible to make predictive models of the evolution of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: it is possible to identify prognostic factors of poor evolution in the first 24 h after trauma. Knowledge of them can help clinical decision-making as well as offer better information to families.

Genomic Epidemiology of Salmonella enterica Circulating in Surface Waters Used in Agriculture and Aquaculture in Central Mexico.

Salmonella enterica can survive in surface waters (SuWa), and the role of nonhost environments in its transmission has acquired increasing relevance. In this study, we conducted comparative genomic analyses of 172 S. enterica isolates collected from SuWa across 3 months in six states of central Mexico during 2019. S. enterica transmission dynamics were assessed using 87 experimental and 112 public isolates from Mexico collected during 2002 through 2019. We also studied genetic relatedness between SuWa isolates and human clinical strains collected in North America during 2005 through 2020. Among experimental isolates, we identified 41 S. enterica serovars and 56 multilocus sequence types (STs). Predominant serovars were Senftenberg (n = 13), Meleagridis, Agona, and Newport (n = 12 each), Give (n = 10), Anatum (n = 8), Adelaide (n = 7), and Infantis, Mbandaka, Ohio, and Typhimurium (n = 6 each). We observed a high genetic diversity in the sample under study, as well as clonal dissemination of strains across distant regions. Some of these strains are epidemiologically important (ST14, ST45, ST118, ST132, ST198, and ST213) and were genotypically close to those involved in clinical cases in North America. Transmission network analysis suggests that SuWa are a relevant source of S. enterica (0.7 source/hub ratio) and contribute to its dissemination as isolates from varied sources and clinical cases have SuWa isolates as common ancestors. Overall, the study shows that SuWa act as reservoirs of various S. enterica serovars of public health significance. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms involved in SuWa contamination by S. enterica, as well as to develop interventions to contain its dissemination in food production settings. IMPORTANCE Surface waters are heavily used in food production worldwide. Several human pathogens can survive in these waters for long periods and disseminate to food production environments, contaminating our food supply. One of these pathogens is Salmonella enterica, a leading cause of foodborne infections, hospitalizations, and deaths in many countries. This research demonstrates the role of surface waters as a vehicle for the transmission of Salmonella along food production chains. It also shows that some strains circulating in surface waters are very similar to those implicated in human infections and harbor genes that confer resistance to multiple antibiotics, posing a risk to public health. This study contributes to expand our current knowledge on the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella in surface waters.

Decreased levels of cathepsin Z mRNA expressed by immune blood cells: diagnostic and prognostic implications in prostate cancer.

Cathepsin Z (CTSZ) is a cysteine protease responsible for the adhesion and migration of both immune and tumor cells. Due to its dual role, we hypothesized that the site of CTSZ expression could be determinant of the pro- or anti-tumorigenic effects of this enzyme. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed CTSZ expression data in healthy and tumor tissues by bioinformatics and evaluated the expression levels of CTSZ mRNA in the blood cells of prostate cancer (PCa) patients by qRT-PCR compared with healthy subjects, evaluating its diagnostic and prognostic implications for this type of cancer. Immune cells present in the blood of healthy patients overexpress CTSZ. In PCa, we found decreased CTSZ mRNA levels in blood cells, 75% lower than in healthy subjects, that diminished even more during biochemical relapse. CTSZ mRNA in the blood cells had an area under the curve for PCa diagnosis of 0.832, with a 93.3% specificity, and a positive likelihood ratio of 9.4. The site of CTSZ mRNA expression is fundamental to determine its final role as a protective determinant in PCa, such as CTSZ mRNA in the blood cells, or a malignant determinant, such as found for CTSZ expressed in high levels by different types of primary and metastatic tumors. Low CTSZ mRNA expression in the total blood is a possible PCa marker complementary to prostate-specific antigen (PSA) for biopsy decisions, with the potential to eliminate unnecessary biopsies.

Fetal heart rate monitoring during fetoscopic repair of open spinal neural tube defects: a single-centre observational cohort study.

BACKGROUND: During fetal surgery, the haemodynamic stability of the fetus depends on the haemodynamic stability of the mother. The primary objective of this study was to assess changes in fetal heart rate (FHR) throughout the different stages of surgery. The secondary objective was to assess potential changes in maternal physiological parameters and their association with FHR. METHODS: This was a single-center observational cohort study conducted between 2015 and 2019 in 26 women undergoing intra-uterine fetoscopic repair of open spina bifida. The primary outcome was FHR. Maternal physiologic parameters were measured at the beginning, during and after surgery. The linear mixed-effects model fitted by maximum likelihood was used to assess changes in each variable at specific times throughout the surgery, and the repeated measures correlation coefficient was used to study the association between FHR and maternal physiological parameters. RESULTS: One (3.8%) case of fetal bradycardia (FHR <110 beats per minute) required the administration of intramuscular atropine. No other significant FHR changes were observed during surgery. Maternal oesophageal temperature (P <0.001), lactate levels (P=0.002), and mean arterial pressure (P=0.016) changed significantly during surgery, although none of these changes was clinically relevant. The FHR showed a significant association with maternal carbon dioxide tension (r=0.285, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.526) and maternal heart rate (r=0.302, 95% CI 0.025 to 0.535). CONCLUSION: The FHR remained stable during intra-uterine fetoscopic repair of open spina bifida. Maternal carbon dioxide tension and heart rate may have a mild influence on FHR.

Staging Parkinson's Disease Combining Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms Correlates with Disability and Quality of Life.

INTRODUCTION: In a degenerative disorder such as Parkinson's disease (PD), it is important to establish clinical stages that allow to know the course of the disease. Our aim was to analyze whether a scale combining Hoehn and Yahr's motor stage (H&Y) and the nonmotor symptoms burden (NMSB) (assessed by the nonmotor symptoms scale (NMSS)) provides information about the disability and the patient's quality of life (QoL) with regard to a defined clinical stage. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study in which 603 PD patients from the COPPADIS cohort were classified according to H&Y (1, stage I; 2, stage II; 3, stage III; 4, stage IV/V) and NMSB (A: NMSS = 0-20; B: NMSS = 21-40; C: NMSS = 41-70; D: NMSS ≥ 71) in 16 stages (HY.NMSB, from 1A to 4D). QoL was assessed with the PDQ-39SI, PQ-10, and EUROHIS-QOL8 and disability with the Schwab&England ADL (Activities of Daily Living) scale. RESULTS: A worse QoL and greater disability were observed at a higher stage of H&Y and NMSB (p < 0.0001). Combining both (HY.NMSB), patients in stages 1C and 1D and 2C and 2D had significantly worse QoL and/or less autonomy for ADL than those in stages 2A and 2B and 3A and 3B, respectively (p < 0.005; e.g., PDQ-39SI in 1D [n = 15] vs 2A [n = 101]: 28.6 ± 17.1 vs 7.9 ± 5.8; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The HY.NMSB scale is simple and reflects the degree of patient involvement more accurately than the H&Y. Patients with a lower H&Y stage may be more affected if they have a greater NMS burden.

Early prognostic factors for morbidity and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury. Experience in a child polytrauma unit. / Factores pronósticos precoces de morbimortalidad en el traumatismo craneoencefálico grave en niños. Experiencia en una unidad de politraumatismo infantil.

OBJECTIVE: To identify early prognostic factors that lead to an increased risk of unfavorable prognosis. DESIGN: Observational cohort study from October 2002 to October 2017. SETTING AND PATIENTS: Patients with severe TBI admitted to intensive care were included. VARIABLES AND INTERVENTIONS: Epidemiological, clinical, analytical and therapeutic variables were collected. The functional capacity of the patient was assessed at 6 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). An unfavorable prognosis was considered a GOS ≤3. A univariate analysis was performed to compare the groups with good and bad prognosis and their relationship with the different variables. A multivariate analysis was performed to predict the patient's prognosis. RESULTS: A total of 98 patients were included, 61.2% males, median age 6.4years (IQR 2.49-11.23). 84.7% were treated by the out-of-hospital emergency services. At 6 months, 51% presented satisfactory recovery, 26.5% moderate sequelae, 6.1% severe sequelae, and 2% vegetative state. 14.3% died. Statistical significance was found between the score on the prehospital Glasgow coma scale, pupillary reactivity, arterial hypotension, hypoxia, certain analytical and radiological alterations, such as compression of the basal cisterns, with an unfavorable prognosis. The multivariate analysis showed that it is possible to make predictive models of the evolution of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to identify prognostic factors of poor evolution in the first 24hours after trauma. Knowledge of them can help clinical decision-making as well as offer better information to families.

FSI modeling on the effect of artery-aneurysm thickness and coil embolization in patient cases.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The attainment of a methodology to simulate the hemodynamic in patient-specific cerebral vessels with aneurysms is still a challenge. The novelty of this work is focused on the effect of coil embolization in a realistic cerebral aneurysm, according to the vessel wall thickness and aneurysm thickness, through transient FSI simulations. METHODS: The quality of the mesh for simulations was checked with a specific mesh convergence study; and the numerical methodology was validated using numerical research data of the literature. The model was implemented in ANSYS® software. The total deformation and equivalent stress evolution in the studied cases, before and after coil embolization, were compared. More than 20 different models were employed due to different arterial wall thickness and aneurysm wall thickness combinations. RESULTS: The obtained results have showed that deformation and stress values are highly influenced with the sac thickness. The thinner sac aneurysm thickness is, the greater deformation and stress are. The results after coil embolization process have highlighted that considering typical values of arterial wall thickness and aneurysm thickness 0.3 mm and 0.15 mm respectively, a deformation reduction around 50% and a stress reduction around 70% can be achieved. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology is a step forward in the personalized medicine, quantifying the aneurysm rupture risk reduction, and helping the medical team in the preoperative planning, or to deciding the optimal treatment.

Inhibition of RANK signaling as a potential immunotherapy in breast cancer.

RANK signaling in mouse mammary tumor cells exerts an immunosuppressive environment by promoting the infiltration of pro-tumorigenic neutrophils and preventing CD8 T cell recruitment. Single-agent denosumab led to an increased tumor immune infiltration by lymphocytes and CD8 + T cells in breast cancer patients, supporting the immunomodulatory role of RANK signaling.